The Cyber World - 1924 Words

When talking about security, it is commonly known and discussed as very important aspect of the cyber world. With that said, it’s very interesting to see the amount of money that is spent on continuing education for Security Staff. When 834 organizations were asked how much they spent on such in 2014, answers ranged from about $20,000 to under $1,000 per year (figure 18). It seems peculiar that some companies can spend such little amounts of money to better their security, yet don’t have full faith in their team. For example, on average it takes around three months to fill a security position. A quarter of a year doesn’t seem like a long time, but this is a position that should be filled at all times, and of all the applicants, respondents†¦show more content†¦These numbers aren’t very large, so it would make sense a company has larger spending to make sure they are quality employees. At least security budgeting is on the rise, as about 56% of com panies polled agree they should increase security budgets in the future. As technology grows, more and more information will be stored on hard-drives, icloud, etc. This information is very private and it should be working to protect all information. Personally, more IT budgeting should be spent on security to prevent any loss of information or stolen data. It’s a positive thing to see budgets should be increasing through companies’ eyes. If a company is attacked it can cost millions of dollars to cover the cost of fixing the problem. The best way to react and protect your company should be prevention. By giving your security staff more education, they’ll be better equipped to help your company strive in cybersecurity and help save the general welfare of your business. -As cyber threats continue to become more and more prevalent in recent years, it’s important that enterprises begin to implement security awareness programs to combat these threats. From an ISACA and RSA Conference Survey, 87% of enterprise respondents reported having a security awareness program in place while 72% believed these programs to be successful. It is believed that training people on how to detect and effectively react to potential security attacks will greatly decrease the effectiveness of a

Essay on Comparison of Still I Rise and Realities of a...

Comparison of Still I Rise and Realities of a Black Woman Compare and Contrast the poems Still I Rise By Maya Angelou and Of course when they ask about the Realities of black women by Grace Nichols. Still I Rise written by Maya Angelou and Of course when they ask about the Realities of black woman written by Grace Nichols, are the two poems that I will be comparing and writing about. These poems are expressing the opinions of how white people would like to see or how they see black women. I understand that the word culture means a wide range of ideas, knowledge and beliefs. That is usually shared between the people of a country, place, race, group or religion. The word Culture can also mean a way of life, or set of†¦show more content†¦Maya Angelou opens her poems with You may write me down in history. This gives an impact of accusing, that the poet is accusing the reader of the lies carried out against her in the past. Maya Angelou is addressing the reader directly by using the pronoun You this makes the reader automatically feel involved. With your bitter, twisted lies. This gives us the idea of her races past being untrue because the word lies has been used. Adjectives have been used to reinforce the word lies with Bitter and Twisted. These adjectives have been used to describe, the lies written down about black people in history. The word Bitter suggests that the lies are hostile and resentful. The word Twisted suggests that the lies are cruel and perverted. The woman is a very ambitious person and wants to put the lies about her races past behind her and Rise above them Leaving behind Up from a past thats rooted in pain are two examples of how the poet shows she wants to leave the lies behind, these have used to show the reader what she is rising from and that she is rising from the lies. Also no matter what happens, she will over come her races lied about past but at the same time still be proud that she is a member of her race. The purpose of the poem is to stress the themes of racism and self-acceptance. This poem in my opinion is to create an image of a strong, confident black woman and not the image of theShow MoreRelated The Importance of Birds in Virginia Woolfs The Waves Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessive stages in their lives to tell her story; and prefaces each of the sections with a descriptive passage of sun and waves through a single day.   In these passages descriptions of the sun, the sea, the plants, and the birds make implicit comparisons with the characters speeches.   The actions of the birds in the descriptive passages most strikingly parallel the developing consciousness of the characters, exemplified by Susan. 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It almost seems as though she wants to hate him, more than she actually did. By and large, â€Å"Daddy† is about mourning and consequences of smotheringRead MoreEssay Imagery In Poems Daddy And Lady Lazarus By Sylvia Plath1447 Words   |  6 Pagespoem is also about longing and love. In place of what is really frightening, that is abandonment and lack of concern, viciousness and persecution is substituted. The speaker admits she was only ten when she had to deal with death of her father. The black shoe appears to be a metaphor to how her life was trapped in sorrow like a foot is trapped in a shoe. It almost seems as though she wants to hate him, more than she actually did. 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Historical Foundations Of Reggio Emilia Theory Education Essay Free Essays

Jackman ( 2005 ) stated that Reggio Emilia is a town in northern Italy which became the name of a universe renowned attack in Early Childhood Education. They established what is now called the Reggio Emilia attack shortly after universe war two during that clip when working parents helped to construct new schools for their immature kids ( New,2000 ) The history of the Reggio Emilia attack began in 1945.Loris Malaguzzi was the laminitis of this attack. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Foundations Of Reggio Emilia Theory Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Who was Malaguzzi? Malaguzzi was a blooming instructor who had heard about a school the villagers of Villa Cella had built out of the ruins of their war-ravaged community which was close to Reggio Emilia. ( Malaguzzi,1994 ) Newsweek Magazine, ( Kantrowitz A ; Wingert,1991 ) picked Reggio Emilia, in Italy ‘s Emilia-Romagna part, as an illustration of a grass-roots undertaking that has become an international function theoretical account ( Kantrowitz A ; Wingert,1991 ) .The narrative of how Malaguzzi became the laminitis of this attack was: In 1946, a instructor named Loris Malaguzzi rode over on his bike to take a expression at the work in advancement. Malaguzzi stated that, he was so impressed that he ne’er left. By the clip he retired as manager in 1985, he had built a plan praised by early-childhood pedagogues around the universe for its committedness to invention. â€Å" A school needs to be a topographic point for all kids, † he says, â€Å" non based on the thought that they ‘re all the same, but that they ‘re all different. † ( Kantrowitz A ; Wingert, 1991 ) This attack was inspired by John Dewey ‘s progressive instruction motion ( Jackman 2005 ) .Lee Vygotsky believed in the connexion between civilization and development and Jean Piaget ‘s theory of cognitive development, Malaguzzi developed his theory and doctrine of early childhood instruction from direct pattern in schools for babies, yearlings and kindergartners ( Jackman 2005 ) LeBlanc ( 1997-2012 ) stated that the Reggio preschools dwelling of infant-toddler Centres which have been publically mandated since the 1970s are available to kids from birth to six regardless of economic circumstance or physical disablement, and go on successfully to this twenty-four hours. Theoretical foundations of the Reggio Emilia attack The foundational doctrine of the Reggio Emilia Approach displaces in the province that â€Å" cognition is a co-constructed and socially go through trade good, which occurs within a historical, cultural and political context † ( Gandini, L, 1993 ) . Education is an of import effort of developing every facet of a kid ‘s head, organic structure, emotion and societal competency. The Reggio Emilia attack emphasizes openness to new cognition on instruction. Therefore, there are two specifying feature of the Reggio Emilia Approach are that foremost it is chiefly founded upon continued research in both its ain patterns and other educational attacks, and 2nd it emphasizes the function of a kid ‘s cultural, societal and physical environment in the development of an educational course of study. Furthermore, the most influential theoreticians for Reggio Emilia attack will be Bruno Ciari, John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky ( Gandini, L, 1993 ) . Each of the theoreticians has their ain sentiment and premises on this attack. Lev Vygotsky signified that acquisition occurs through interaction between grownups and kids. Adults, as more adept and advanced spouses in the acquisition investing, provide societal counsel and mold to kids, promoting the development of both their cognitive and societal procedures. The following theoretician Jean Piaget ‘s position is more focussed on a kid ‘s cognitive development. Piaget saw rational and cognitive struggles as constructing a higher order of idea, and an authorization for larning within societal scenes. John Dewey ‘s premise on the attack emphasized the function of idea and societal interaction in the development of the acquisition procedure. Experience and probe formed the nucleus of the acquisition procedure. John Dewey ‘s doctrine of ‘progressive instruction ‘ sees collaboration in larning where both instructors and pupils interact and cooperate in the educational procedure. He felt that kids would develop the interior motive to larn if instructors gave them the freedom to build cognition from their ain probes ( Nkechy Ezeh, 2005 ) . The last theoretician will be Bruno Ciari. He was possibly the most influential individual in the development of an interactionism instruction system in the Municipality of Reggio Emilia in Italy. From the early 1950 ‘s, Ciari thirstily campaigned for an instruction system that would advance the development of the whole kid. He concentrated more on greater community-involvement in instruction, where parents, instructors, and other citizens engage in unfastened duologue on all facets of instruction. Among his proposals include holding two instructors for each category, that each category has non more than 20 pupils, and that the physical environment of the school is governed as a 3rd instructor. Teachers play a really of import function in a kid ‘s early development. Teachers observe and document undertakings utilizing photographs and/or videotape. This certification is â€Å" assembled † ( conversations between instructors and kids are typed out and set onto colorful climb boards with affiliated images ) and displayed throughout the schoolroom. Children view themselves as capable scholars and of import subscribers to the undertaking, when they view the panels. The panel besides allows each kid to return to their learning procedure. Educators know the worth of a kid ‘s thought and they monitor the kids ‘s address really closely. They besides join custodies with kids to be after following stairss of thoughts. The image of the kid shapes the function of the instructor and involves four major constituents. Teachers are: Co-constructors: A spouses, ushers, raisings, solves jobs, learns, hypothesizes Research workers: A learns, observes, revisits Documenters: A listens, records, shows, revisits Advocates for kids: A involved in the community, political relations associating to kids, speaks for kids and nowadayss work to other pedagogues and community members. The schoolroom environment is said to be the 3rd instructor for a kid. It is of course designed to be warm and accepting to both grownups and children.Children are encouraged to paint and chalk out in category frequently. There are many workss and â€Å" homey † touches in the infinite to back up a close home-school connexion. The instructors frequently place mirrors in interesting topographic points around the schoolroom. The stuffs are attractively displayed in baskets to ask for kids to come and play with them. The layout of the physical infinite can include a common infinite for kids to garner for group work and drama. Children ‘s graphics and certification panels are attractively displayed on the walls throughout the school. There are different types of course of study in the Reggio Emillia attack, some are play-based and some are non. A child-centered course of study is partly play-based, but is teacher-guided utilizing what the kids are interested in. The kids are the instructors, and the instructor assists in obtaining the cognition that they would wish the kids to larn, through each subject. For case, if the kids were interested in farm animate beings, so the instructors would come up with course of study ( math, scientific discipline, linguistic communication, etc. ) that they would run into certain aims of that topic.A teacher-led course of study is where the involvements of the kids are n’t brought into the current course of study. The subjects and lessons would be preplanned, possibly even months to old ages before the instructor implements these lessons in the schoolroom. This is a structured acquisition environment in which the instructor is developing the countries that they deem most i mportant.A child-led course of study takes the kid ‘s involvement one measure farther. Not merely are the lessons planned after what the kids are interested in, but the kids plan the lessons and activities for the twenty-four hours. This thought implicates that each single kid can come up with activities instead so merely the group as a whole. This type of course of study is really play-based, and the centre of the Reggio Emilia attack. Gandini, L. ( 1993 ) . Fundamentalss of the Reggio Emilia attack to early childhood instruction. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //earlychildhood.educ.ubc.ca/community/research-practice-reggio-emilia Nkechy Ezeh. ( 2005 ) . School of Education: Reggio Emilia attack. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aquinas.edu/education/certification/reggio_emilia.html Downey, J. , A ; Garzoli, E. ( 2007 ) . The Effectiveness of a Play-Based Course of study in Early Childhood Education. Retrieved From: hypertext transfer protocol: //teachplaybasedlearning.com/8.html Jackman, Hilda L. ( 2005 ) , 3rd edition, Early Education Curriculum: A kid ‘s connexion to the universe. NY. Thomson Delmar Learning Malaguzzi, L. ( 1994 ) History, Ideas and Basic Philosophy an Interview with Lell Gandini. ( L. Gandini Trans. ) In C. Edward, L.Gandini, A ; G Forman ( Eds ) The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Education ( pp.41-89 ) . Norwood, NJ: Ablex Printing LeBlanc, M. ( 1997-2012 ) , Reggio Emilia-An advanced attack to instruction Retrieved October 16th October 2012, from, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communityplaythings.co.uk/learning-library/articles/reggio-emilia Kantrowitz, B. A ; Wingert, P. ( 1991 ) THE 10 BEST SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD, Retrieved October 16th October 2012, from, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingblocksschool.com/files/Newsweek-Story-on-Reggio1_1_.pdf How to cite Historical Foundations Of Reggio Emilia Theory Education Essay, Essay examples

Systemic and sociocultural issues free essay sample

In relation to individuals struggling with fear and sadness there are several surrounding factors that may play a role on the individual’s experience. This assignment will present a case study of a client ‘Sally’ seeking counselling due to issues related to fear and sadness. A description of Sally and her background along with details of the concern which is causing her situation relating to fear and sadness will be presented. Systemic and sociocultural issues such as gender, culture and sexuality are of importance and have an impact on the client’s experience. In addition, factors such as family and personal relationships of the client will be explored. To conclude the assignment I will summarise my chosen approach of counselling that I feel is necessary to Sally and which would suit her better, whether it be one to one counselling or family therapy. Furthermore explaining and justifying why and how the chosen approach will work well with her. Sally is a 31-year-old white single mother who was brought up in a small village in a rural area with both parents and her younger sister who now has a husband and children of her own. Sally lives alone with her children in the same village, close to her parents and sister who she regularly visits. Whilst Sally has a close relationship with her family, she feels that her family do not understand her distress leaving her feeling very lonely and isolated and longing for a family unit with her own children and a husband. Sally was in a stable 8 year relationship with the father of her children, when he suddenly left the family home after a minor argument and decided not to return, leaving her alone with a 12-month-old baby and a 5-year-old. Eventually the children’s’ father got in contact, stating that he could not handle the pressures of family life. Two years on and after many months of Sally pretending to be okay, she sought help at a local counselling service. Sally hopes to gain happiness and confidence to meet somebody else to enjoy her life with and be like the other ‘normal’ families in the close-knit, white British community she lives in. During Sally’s first counselling session, she explains that she feels lonely, isolated and scared that she will never meet anybody else due to her being a single mother. Sally proceeds stating that all she ever wanted in life was a ‘normal’ family unit consisting of both parents and a couple of children, similar to the one she grew up in and that her sister has. Despite the fact that Sally feels that she has done an excellent job raising her children, she is embarrassed that she is a single mother in her 30’s, feels unfeminine and unattractive due to gaining weight through comfort eating and does not trust males, thinking they are all going to leave her and not find her sexually attractive. Sally wishes she could have a ‘normal’ life. Vossler, A. (2010) pg199 quotes ‘what is considered as ‘normal’ or family life is dependent on prevailing cultural values and societal understandings. ’ Therefore systemic therapy or counselling will allow Sally to have a different perspective on her situation; a systemic idea which exhibits there is not just one ‘truth’ or a ‘right’ way to view situations, Vossler, A (2010). Whilst Sally’s problems may be located back to her own family system relationship, sociocultural issues may also be a factor. For example, Sally growing up with her sibling and biological parents, is considered and is seen as ‘normal’ by Sally and her family in the rural community she lives in, therefore leaving her feeling embarrassed and excluded in a cultural, race and gender context, due to the majority of the other white females of Sally’s age in the community being married with children. As cited from Barker, M. (2010) states that those who try to fit into the stereotypes of their gender most closely often have the most problems. Therefore in Sally’s case, she desires to play the typical feminine role of mother and wife similarly to her own mother displayed as Sally was growing up, now experiencing fear and sadness as she has not fulfilled the gender and cultural role of nurturing that she perceives as normal in society and that she feels her family expect of her. A counsellor may wish to reflect upon this issue as one to one therapy first of all, proceeding as a systemic family therapy with Sally’s close family in a circular interaction as seen in video Excerpt 13. This appears to allow the counsellor to gain a broader understanding of the family background and notions. Also cited from Barker, M. (2010) it is stated that those existing outside the cultural norm are often stigmatised by society, perhaps socially unaccepted, often resulting in emotional difficulties such as the onset of fear and sadness, which in Sally’s case could be indeed relevant as she perceives herself as not fitting in with her community possibly fearing that she has socially excluded herself from her own family structure. On the other hand, a sociocultural issue such as age could be causing an impact on Sally’s problems; Sally could be feeling too old to meet what is expected of her as a white mother in her 30’s. Sally’s age along with her view on her sister’s life, with that being a systemic issue could be causing problems for Sally around family pride. Sally is living unhappy as a single mother, whereas her younger sister is happily married with children. Within a social context, sexuality may be an issue for Sally, as she feels unattractive and has no trust in men, this could leave her questioning her own sexuality and whether or not she actually wants a sexual and emotional relationship with a male or whether she would be a happier meeting a female to build and share a family unit with. Therapy with a heterosexual therapist could be a problem in this aspect, as cited by Evans and Barker (2007) in Barker, M (2010); they found that heterosexual therapists expressed concern about lesbian, gay or bisexual clients becoming parents. As taken from Barker, M (2010), referring to a systemic approach from a constructivist position, each person has their own individual view of the world. This implies that there is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ way to perceive negative experiences, but a variety of possible views and stories that are all subjectively ‘true’ and in line with the individual context. In Sally’s case, this is her family background and own assumptions of what is expected of her within the rural community and general family norms. In addition, a therapist from a different background or culture such as a multi-cultural urban area where there may be many single white mother’s, may perceive Sally’s issue as ‘normal’ life, causing him or her to be unable to display an empathetic understanding to Sally, which brings me to discuss the most appropriate therapy method of working with Sally and her problems. If I was a counsellor working with Sally I would aim to establish a collaborative relationship to facilitate helpful therapeutic conversations. This is referred to as a basic tenet of working systemically cited from Vossler, A (2010). I would also aspire for a one-to-one counselling relationship rather than family therapy, utilising a person-centred approach therapy, looking closely at the systemic issue that being the community Sally grew up in along with the way she coped and dealt with her relationship breakdown. Welcoming open-mindedness and empathetic listening and questioning techniques to assist in building rapport with Sally I would firstly explore how and why Sally began to experience symptoms of fear and sadness, eventually leading to Sally potentially seeing her situation from another perspective. It is not about ‘getting it right’ in this process, and a systemic counsellor and psychotherapist will not try to impose normative ideas or specified solutions, as cited by Vossler, A (2010)pg. 205. As seen in Excerpt 15 (video) (D240), family therapy appeared to be effective whilst working with Sharmila’s issues as it allowed the therapist to gain a wider context of problems she had to work with, however in Sally’s case I wouldn’t feel family therapy would be necessary for Sally’s sadness, due to gender and community expectations being issues that are of more importance and relevance in Sally’s case rather than what Sally’s family’s thoughts are. During Excerpt 15(video) (D240), the second therapist that spoke with Sharmila approached the counselling session in a person-centred way which proved to be effective, as Sharmila began to open up when she realised she could trust the therapist, whereas the male therapist appeared quite pushy and interrogating, although the male therapist was unaware that Sharmila’s issues stemmed around males, this may have also been a reason for Sharmila not engaging with him as she may have had lack of trust in males. I can relate this issue to Sally as she has mistrust in males due to her relationship breakdown, she may not feel comfortable communicating problems with the opposite sex. In order to attend to systemic and sociocultural issues, particularly community/culture, gender and age I would ask Sally questions such as ‘what do other females of your age with children living in your area think about you situation? ’ or ‘do you experience negative comments about having no father to help raise your children? ’. Without appearing critical, I would ask these questions to try to develop Sally’s thinking on a much larger scale rather than the fixed identity she feels she has and the stereotypical perception that is expected of her in the small village. Barker, M (2010) pg. 232 cites ‘some people experience their identities as very fixed, others as fluid and changeable. Difficulties can occur when holding rigidly to an identity and when expressing it flexibly in a world which sees it as fixed’. Consequently, in Sally’s case she could feel her identity should be similar to those around her and not what it is, being labelled as a ‘single mother’ causing her symptoms of fear and sadness. Hence the questions within a systemic approach that I ask may help Sally adopt a different perception on white females of her age. Another basic tenet of working systemically as cited from Vossler, A (2010) is for me to emphasise on the importance of language in generating meaning, for example the label ‘single mother’ and the way one interprets this term may influence the way in which problems are experienced in families and other systems, such as Sally’s cultural and community ‘norms’, therefore it is of importance that as a counsellor I respect this value, moreover become familiar with the notions of social constructionism. Reflecting upon my chosen counselling client, I conclude that one-to-one therapy is the most appropriate in her case. This decision was attained from previous material studied throughout the module which I feel has led me to have a reasonable understanding of various counselling approaches in order for me to adopt an effective counselling approach to clients with differing sociocultural and systemic issues. In regards to working with Sally, taking into account her family and social context, I did not feel it was necessary to involve others throughout the therapy process, the reason being is that I feel Sally had more than enough issues to deal with such as community and culture, expectations, gender, self-identity therefore if Sally was to participate in family therapy this may result in fear and sadness being prolonged due to hearing how her family feel about her problems. This would also defeat my whole purpose of establishing a close therapeutic relationship with Sally as the focus would be on the family rather than Sally as an individual. (2003 words)

Almost Famous essays

Almost Famous essays Directed and written by Cameron Crowe Starring Patrick Fugit, Kate Hudson, Billy Crudup, Jason Lee and Frances McDormand Cameron Crowe views his life and experiences of his mid teen years as a rock critic for Rolling Stone Magazine, whom he shows through the eyes of his alter-ego, William Miller (who is played by Patrick Fugit), in the critically acclaimed film, "Almost Famous." William follows around a "mid level band struggling with their own limitations in the harsh face of stardom." which is known as "Stillwater." This movie follows "Stillwater" showing everything William writes about and Sees, and shows the life of 70's Rock n, Roll in its last drive before being killed by disco. The Setting for the movie was in San Diego in the early 1970's. Williams's sister Anita (Zooey Deschantel) is shown as a "rebel" who believes in everything her mother is against. She causes conflict and problems at home but decides to leave home when she turned 18 to become a stewardess. Williams mother Elaine, whom is a conservative woman, also a very liberal woman, whom "decided to celebrate Christmas on a day in September when she knew it wouldn't be commercialized." Elaine is a very good mother who tries teaching William "the cliff notes on life." She supports his journey even if she didn't agree with them, and helped give an honest statement to a few of the rock and rollers a time or two. She also put William in first grade when he was five, never telling him till he was eleven. He thought he was thirteen. No wonder he had not gone through puberty yet. William, now fifteen is fully in love with the music of Rock and writes articles and submits them to "Creem Magazine" and a few underground papers. He meets up with legendary rock critic and editor of "Creem Magazine," Lester Bangs. Lester teaches William the ropes of being a rock journalist and tells him certain rules to follow and the tr ...

Free Essays on Albert Bandura

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of Albert Bandura If you've taken an introductory course in economics, you're already familiar with the policy planner's dilemma of deciding whether to allocate limited resources for guns or for butter. The problem is usually posed to illustrate the impersonal market forces of supply and demand, profit and loss. Yet planners are people, and most individuals come to the war-or-peace decision points of life having already developed preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies "acquired behavioral dispositions," and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the butter and squeezing the trigger, or perhaps the other way around. 2. Perception of the object is a firsthand chance to look, admire, but don't touch a pistol and a pound of butter at close range. 3. Observation of another's response to the object is hearing a contented sigh when someone points the gun or spreads the butter on toast. It is also seeing critical frowns on faces of people who bypass the items in a store. 4. Modeling is watching someone fire the gun or melt the butter to put it on popcorn. 5. Exhortation is the National Rifle Association's plea to protect the right to bear arms or Willard Scott's commercial message urging us to use real butter. 6. Instruction about the object is a verbal description of the gun's effective range or of the number of calories in a pat of butter. Campbell claims that direct trial-and-error experience creates a deep and long-lasting acquired behavioral disposition, while perception has somewhat less effect, observation of response even less, and modeling less still. Exhortation is one of the most used but least effective means to influence attitudes or actions. Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura agrees that conversation is not an effective way of altering hum... Free Essays on Albert Bandura Free Essays on Albert Bandura SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of Albert Bandura If you've taken an introductory course in economics, you're already familiar with the policy planner's dilemma of deciding whether to allocate limited resources for guns or for butter. The problem is usually posed to illustrate the impersonal market forces of supply and demand, profit and loss. Yet planners are people, and most individuals come to the war-or-peace decision points of life having already developed preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies "acquired behavioral dispositions," and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the butter and squeezing the trigger, or perhaps the other way around. 2. Perception of the object is a firsthand chance to look, admire, but don't touch a pistol and a pound of butter at close range. 3. Observation of another's response to the object is hearing a contented sigh when someone points the gun or spreads the butter on toast. It is also seeing critical frowns on faces of people who bypass the items in a store. 4. Modeling is watching someone fire the gun or melt the butter to put it on popcorn. 5. Exhortation is the National Rifle Association's plea to protect the right to bear arms or Willard Scott's commercial message urging us to use real butter. 6. Instruction about the object is a verbal description of the gun's effective range or of the number of calories in a pat of butter. Campbell claims that direct trial-and-error experience creates a deep and long-lasting acquired behavioral disposition, while perception has somewhat less effect, observation of response even less, and modeling less still. Exhortation is one of the most used but least effective means to influence attitudes or actions. Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura agrees that conversation is not an effective way of altering hum...

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law - Essay Example However, the introduction of numerous statutory instruments and the principles of Judicial Interpretation place restrictions on the use of exclusion clauses. Another aspect of legal disputes in commercial contracts involve the situation where there is damage to property that belongs to one of the parties in the contract after an order is placed. There is a question of which is liable for damage. This paper is in two parts based on the question in the scenario. The first part examines the effectiveness of a clause that AOL has integrated into the contract which excludes liability for several things and how this can be used to relieve AOL for misrepresentation. The second part examines the obligations that AOL owes to Shoeground Ltd in view of shoes that they ordered which have been damaged. PART 1 1.1 Issue The question requires that we examine the ability of Clause 3 to be used to exclude responsibility for misrepresentations. In doing this, there is the need to examine some importan t things: 1. The appropriateness of the use of Clause 3 as an Entire Agreement Clause and what intervening Statutes and Judicial practices can affect the use of the Clause to exclude liabilities for misrepresentations. ... The Misrepresentation Act of 19675, as amended by the Unfair Contract Terms Act 19776 restricts the possibility of using exclusion clauses to limit liability for misrepresentation. Section 3 of the Misrepresentation Act states that if a term in a contract excludes liability for misrepresentation, any remedy available to the other party by reason of such misrepresentation, that term shall have no effect unless it satisfies the requirements of reasonableness in Section 11 (1) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. This means that in an event of a misrepresentation by one party in a contract, that party cannot rely on any exclusion clause to prevent his liability for misrepresentation. In Overbrooke V Glencombe7 it was held that the need of a principal to disclose restraint of the authority of his agents were not enough to prevent him from the effects of Section 3 of the Misrepresentation Act. This is because the principal stated that he was not responsible for the representations of hi s agents. The court held that the agents were acting in his name as such, the inclusion of a clause limiting their involvement did not make him exempt from Section 3 of the Act. The principal was held liable. However, in some instances, an exclusion clause for liability for misrepresentation could be accepted by the court if it is reasonable. The reasonableness test is laid out in Section 11 (1) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. First of all, the exemption clause should have been reasonable enough to have intended the terms are the time of the contract8. This means that the term might have been in a way that a reasonable person could have inferred its impact and invested sufficient efforts to do diligent checks. Secondly, the exemption clause for misrepresentation